The concept of the backpropagation neural network was introduced in the 1960s and later it was published by David Rumelhart, Ronald Williams, and Geoffrey Hinton in the famous 1986 paper. They explained various neural networks and concluded that network training is done through backpropagation. Backpropagation is widely used in neural network training and calculates the loss function with respect to the weights of the network. It functions with a multi-layer neural network and observes the … [Read more...]

In a computer network, network topology determines how the network is connected. There are different methods to connect a network. Network engineers have different alternatives for selecting a network topology. The different tasks in network topology management mainly include visual mapping, configuration management, monitoring of performance, but the solution is to understand your requirements for forming as well as managing the network topology in the correct method for your industry. For … [Read more...]

In a computer network, the representation of data can be done through computers & telecommunication devices with the help of signals. The transmission of signals can be done in an electromagnetic energy form from one device to another device through the air, vacuum, and otherwise other transmission mediums. Electromagnetic energy includes voice, power, radio signals, light, gamma rays, UV light, etc. The data which is transmitted from one location to other is transmission media. In the OSI … [Read more...]

In information technology, computer networks are the group of computers that are connected to perform communication and transfer the data and resources to another computer. The data stored in one computer can be accessed in another computer very easily when they are connected to only one network. These are used to communicate and share devices such as scanners, printers, and photocopiers. To provide communication or interaction between the computers/hosts and hardware on the computer network, … [Read more...]

In a computer network, the network topology is the geometric representation of how different devices, nodes are interconnected logically or physically to each other. There are different ways to arrange a computer network where each has pros and cons based on the requirement of your computer. Some network arrangements can provide you high security and connectivity. In a computer network, there are five types of network topologies like mesh, point to point, star, ring, bus, tree, and hybrid. From … [Read more...]

In Data Communication Systems, a network is an interconnecting point to exchange information between various communication components connected by various communication network links. If two or more network devices are connected to each other to transfer and share information and resources within a geographical area, then it is called a network. For example, a computer network is formed with multiple computers connected to transmit, exchange, share, store data, and resources. It enables … [Read more...]

A reference model like OSI is frequently used in mode communication, which states that how the data is communicated between two software applications in the computer. This model comprises 7 layers where each layer has its own security protocols and responsibilities. This was developed in the year 1984 by ISO (International Organization for Standard) and today the model is defined as an architectural approach of inter-computer communications. As every layer in the OSI model is aligned with … [Read more...]