We know that a common substance like water is found naturally as a solid, liquid otherwise gas, and these are called states of matter. In solids, the arrangement of molecules can be done very close to each other because the molecules in the atoms move into the orbitals of adjacent atoms. In liquids, the arrangement of molecules is very close to each other whereas, in gases, the arrangement of molecules can be spread apart, so not very close to each other. Therefore, once atoms come together, … [Read more...]
What is Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer & Its Working
For better communication to take place between two ends, there should be a proper transmission of information from one end to another. There has been a tremendous evolution of the communication systems to make the communication process faster, reliable, and safer. It has evolved from analog to digital, wired to wireless. One of the modes of communication that are highly used nowadays is Fiber Optic Communication. In this mode, using infrared ray pulses information is transmitted from one place … [Read more...]
What is Mho Relay : Working & Its Applications
In electronic circuits, a relay is a switch that is operated electrically to control the circuit with low power or one signal. First, relays are used as amplifiers in long-distance circuits. The function of the relays is to re-transmit the replicated signal out from one circuit to another circuit. Relays are electromechanical type, solid-state type, and reed type. Similarly, distance relays are one of the types and versatile relays used for distance protection, which depends on the distance … [Read more...]
What is Modbus : Working & Its Function Codes
In 1979, a data communication protocol called Modbus was developed by Modicon (now Schneider Electric) and it is used along with its PLCs (programmable logic controllers). It is an industrial standard protocol and it is mainly used in process and factory automation. Now it is commonly referred to as a de facto communication protocol to connect various industrial electronic components. In the electric power industry, this is used to connect a supervisory computer with RTU (remote terminal unit) … [Read more...]
What is Transport Layer : Elements & Security
A reference model like OSI is frequently used in mode communication, which states that how the data is communicated between two software applications in the computer. This model comprises 7 layers where each layer has its own security protocols and responsibilities. This was developed in the year 1984 by ISO (International Organization for Standard) and today the model is defined as an architectural approach of inter-computer communications. As every layer in the OSI model is aligned with … [Read more...]
What is Dynatron Oscillator : Circuit & Its Working
The oscillator is the foremost device in the domain of electronics and electrical applications. This crucial device is functioned to generate alternating current generally with the implementation of tuned circuits and some amplification equipment like thermionic vacuum tubes. Oscillators are specially employed to produce an increased range of frequency currents in the case of carrier waves in radio transmission probably are alleviated by linking the piezoelectric crystal (crucially quartz) with … [Read more...]
What is Stagger Tuned Amplifier & Its Working
The theory of modern electronics is based on amplification, which is achieved using the circuit called the amplifier circuit. As we know, the gain of the amplifier is not varied according to the signal frequency. Hence, to amplify and select the desired range of frequency a tuned amplifier circuit is needed. An amplifier circuit, which is used to amplify the desired range of frequency or a narrow band range of frequencies and rejects all other frequencies known as tuned amplifiers. To amplify … [Read more...]
What is Faraday’s Law : Formula & Its Experiment
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction was the own discovery of two scientists Michael Faraday in the year 1831 and Joseph Henry in the year 1832. The first results from his experiments were released by Faraday. In his initial experiment, he found the principle of electromagnetic induction. In this, he rolled two metallic wire strips all across the iron ring. With this, he came to know the principle behind electromagnets. He believed that when there is the flow of current at one end of the … [Read more...]
What is Gauss Law : Formula & Its Derivation
The study of electric charge and electric flux along with the surface is the Gauss law. It is one of the basic laws of electromagnetism, which is applicable for any type of closed surface known as a Gaussian surface. This law is explained and published by a German mathematician and physical Karl Friedrich Gauss law in the year 1867. It describes the relation between the intensity of the electric field of a surface and the total electric charge enclosed by that surface. This article gives an … [Read more...]
What is Flyback Converter : Design & Its Working
In the domain of electronics, we know that a regulator is a type of device or apparatus that can control the level of output power. There are many kinds of regulators available in the market which depends on the supply of power. But primarily, in the conversion process of DC to DC, there are mainly two kinds of regulators which are Linear and Switching. A linear type of regulator adjusts the output through a resistive voltage drop. With this, efficiency decrement and also power loss in the form … [Read more...]