In automobiles, engine knocking is a sound or detonation or engine ping that occurred due to high-frequency vibrations caused by poor quality fuel, wrong spark plug, irregular ignition /explosion occurring in the cylinder, and deposits on the cylinder wall. These engine knocks can cause power wastage of the engine and destroy the engine. These days, modern vehicles are equipped with various sensors to monitor their functioning like measuring the air, temperature, etc. In addition to these, the … [Read more...]
What is Transistor-Transistor Logic : Working & Its Applications
In 1963, Sylvania as Sylvania Universal High-Level Logic (SUHL) introduced the first Transistor-Transistor Logic circuits. The concept of TTL was developed to achieve high speed, low power dissipation that allows optimization of the design. It belongs to the digital logic family and is designed with bipolar transistors, resistors, and diodes. It is widely used in various applications such as electronic devices, computer control systems, industrial controlling systems, the design and fabrication … [Read more...]
What is Class D Amplifier : Working, Types, Characteristics & Benefits
The initial invention of the class D amplifier took place in the year 1950 by Alec Reeves, but the device was actually called by the name class D in 1955. The first IC-based class D amplifier was introduced by Tripath in the year 1996 and this version was widespread across various domains. The need for class D amplifiers such as minimal power dissipation when compared with other topologies like class A, class AB and class B allowed class D to use in multiple applications. Also, minimal circuit … [Read more...]
What is DMA Controller : Working & Its Applications
To execute any operation in a computer system, first, the microprocessor gets the instruction, decodes it, and further, executes. However, if the microprocessor is executing the entire task individually within the system, then it keeps the microprocessor busy continually. Therefore, to improve the processor’s performance, an external device like a DMA controller is utilized to control the operation of data transfer between memory & peripherals with the least utilization of CPU. Basically, … [Read more...]
What is Low Noise Amplifier : Working, Types, Design & Its Applications
In a communication system, a low noise amplifier or LNA is an essential component in the receiver section. The main role of this amplifier is to amplify the weak signal by keeping the noise as small as possible. The performance of this amplifier can be measured most particularly by considering different factors like its noise figure, gain, dynamic range, matching, stability, and return loss. These amplifiers play a key role in millimeter-wave applications like passive remote sensing, Earth … [Read more...]
What is AVR Microcontroller : PinOut, Working & Its Applications
The advanced version of a microprocessor is a microcontroller that includes a CPU, Interrupts controller, RAM, ROM, I/O unit, etc. A microcontroller is mainly used for the operation of high-speed signal processing in an embedded system. So it performs like a major component while designing an embedded system. There are different kinds of microcontrollers available which are used based on requirements like 8051, PIC, AVR, etc. So this article gives brief information on one of the types of … [Read more...]
What is IEEE 488 Bus or GPIB : Working & Its Applications
During the 1960s, HP developed many different tests and measuring devices like logic analyzers and multimeters. In order to achieve smoother interconnection between controllers and measuring instruments, the HP-IB was introduced (HP Interface Bus). HPIB is the original name for GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus), whereas later it got many other names. Finally, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers has provided a specification number to GPIB which is 488 in the year 1978. From … [Read more...]
What is Yagi Uda Antenna : Design, Working & Its Applications
Over a century ago two men independently invented the Yagi-Uda antenna. Ever heard of it? Neither had we before we started looking at the history of the invention. Invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda of Tohoku Imperial University and Hidetsugu Yagi, Kiyoshi Kawakami, and other colleagues at the same university, it was the first antenna designed to exploit the advantage of receiving signals from multiple directions to cancel out noise or jamming with high gain, high directionality, and uninterrupted … [Read more...]
What is a Heat Sink : Working and Its Applications
In recent years, various devices such as integrated circuits, personal computers having GPU units, IGBT, and semiconductor power devices unprecedentedly generates a large amount of heat. It came to know that the heat generation concentration from these devices is approaching a level matching that of nuclear reactors, which becomes almost difficult to dissipate such a heat rate. For that reason, there is a requirement for heat dissipation through heat sinks where these devices can efficiently … [Read more...]
What is PID Controller : Working, Types & Its Applications
Any Industrial Process or automated system should run under a controlled process. One such control system which keeps any automated system or a process to be intact is a PID controller. It was initially developed by Elmer Sperry in the year 1911, but it was not evaluated until 1942 when Nicholas and Ziegler added a few parameters and gave life to the PID controller. PID controllers were initially used in Pneumatic control systems and later from the mid-1950s it is extensively used for industrial … [Read more...]
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