India’s journey into indigenous space-grade microprocessors reached a milestone with the development of the Vikram-32 processor (Vikram 3201). Designed by the Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC) in collaboration with the Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL), Chandigarh, Vikram-32 marks a major step towards self-reliance in space technology. Unlike commercial CPUs, space processors must withstand harsh environmental conditions, including extreme temperatures, radiation, and mechanical stress during l … [Read more...]
Vikram 32 : India’s Indigenous 32-Bit Microprocessor for Space and Beyond
In a significant stride towards technological self-reliance, India has unveiled its first fully indigenous 32-bit microprocessor, the Vikram 3201. Developed by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and its Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL) in Chandigarh, this processor is tailored for the demanding environments of space missions, launch vehicles, and other high-reliability applications. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Development and Fabrication 3. Architectural Overview 4. Key … [Read more...]
LM7824 IC : PinOut, Features, Specifications, Circuit, Working, Datasheet & Its Applications
Generally, voltage regulators are used frequently in electronic circuits to provide a stable output voltage for different input voltages. The series of fixed-voltage regulator ICs are designed mainly for a broad range of applications like on-card regulation for the noise & distribution elimination problems linked with single-point regulation. Similarly, LM7824 IC is a voltage regulator where the 7824 term in this IC indicates two meanings where 78 means that it is a +ve voltage regulator … [Read more...]
How Quantum Sensors Differ from LiDAR and RADAR in Autonomous Vehicles
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) rely on advanced sensing technologies to perceive their surroundings and make real-time decisions. For years, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) have been the go-to technologies for object detection, navigation, and collision avoidance. However, as the demand for higher accuracy and all-weather reliability grows, QuantumSensors are emerging as a game-changing technology in autonomous driving systems. These sensors leverage the … [Read more...]
LM2940 IC : PinOut, Features, Specifications, Circuit, Working, Datasheet, Equivalents & Its Applications
An LDO regulator, or low-dropout regulator, is a DC linear voltage regulator that operates even when the voltage supply is extremely close to the output voltage. The main advantages of this regulator over DC-DC converters include smaller size, lower noise, and simpler design. This linear regulator operates efficiently even when the input and output voltages differ by a small margin. This linear regulator operates at a low potential difference between the I/O voltage. This regulator IC outputs a … [Read more...]
Quantum Sensors in Autonomous Cars : Working & Applications
The automotive industry is transforming, with autonomous vehicles (AVs) at the forefront. These self-driving systems rely on sensors—such as LiDAR, radar, cameras, and ultrasonic devices—to perceive their environment. However, conventional sensors face limitations in poor weather, GPS-denied areas, or high-traffic scenarios. Enter quantum sensors —a revolutionary technology that leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to provide ultra-precise measurements of position, navigation, and envir … [Read more...]
All the Sensors That Power Fully Driverless Cars in 2025 — What’s In, What’s Out, and What’s Next
For more than a century, human drivers have relied on their eyes, ears, and reflexes to navigate roads. Today, with the arrival of fully driverless cars, those biological sensors are being replaced by an array of advanced technologies that allow machines to perceive their surroundings in extraordinary detail. From laser-based lidar scanners to high-definition cameras, from radar units that see through fog to microphones that hear sirens, these sensors in driverless cars work together to give an … [Read more...]
FPGA vs GPU vs TPU : Best Hardware for AI Applications
Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications require massive computational power to handle complex mathematical operations like matrix multiplications, deep learning model training, and inference. Over the last decade, three major hardware architectures have become central to AI workloads: Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and Tensor Processing Units (TPUs). Each of these platforms offers distinct advantages and trade-offs in terms of speed, flexibility, … [Read more...]
ISRO vs DRDO : Which is Better for ECE Engineers?
Choosing the right career path after completing Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) can be a life-defining decision. Two of the most prestigious and sought-after government organizations for ECE graduates in India are the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Both are involved in cutting-edge research and development that contributes to national pride and strategic advancement. But when it comes to career growth, … [Read more...]
Differences Between n-Well and p-Well CMOS Processes
In CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) fabrication, well formation is a critical step that enables the integration of both NMOS and PMOS transistors on the same silicon substrate. The two main types of well technologies used are the n-well and p-well processes. Understanding the differences between these two approaches is essential for electronics engineers, VLSI designers, and students preparing for competitive exams like GATE or IES. This article explores the key differences between … [Read more...]
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