CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) is an application layer protocol, introduced in 2014 by the Internet Engineering Task Force and specified within IETF RFC 7252. This protocol was web-based which resembles HTTP, and thus mainly designed for constrained devices. CoAP small and low-power devices to connect the IoT (Internet of Things) and also converse with the wider Internet with the least resources. This protocol has a minute base specification that can be expanded through extra … [Read more...]
2SC9018 Transistor : PinOut, Specifications, Circuit, Working, Datasheet & Its Applications
2SC9018 is an NPN-type high-frequency silicon epitaxial transistor, manufactured by KEC. This transistor includes three terminals (E, B & C) and three layers (two N-layers and one P-layer). The majority of charge carriers in this transistor are electrons. So it is a reliable and versatile transistor, used commonly in different electronic circuits for signal processing and amplification purposes. This article discusses an overview of the 2SC9018 Transistor, pinout, specifications, circuit, … [Read more...]
Automotive Ethernet vs CAN : Detailed Comparison, Architecture, Speed & Its Applications
Modern vehicles rely heavily on in-vehicle communication networks to connect ECUs, sensors, ADAS modules, infotainment systems, cameras, and powertrain components. For more than 30 years, the Controller Area Network (CAN) has been the backbone of automotive communication. However, with the rise of ADAS, autonomous driving, high-resolution cameras, radar, and infotainment, traditional CAN is no longer sufficient in many domains. This gap has led to the adoption of Automotive Ethernet, a … [Read more...]
LM348 IC : PinOut, Features, Specifications, Circuit, Working, Datasheet & Its Applications
A quad-operational amplifier is a single-package IC with four independent amplifiers. These operational amplifiers provide good value in terms of cost for each channel and save space on a PCB throughout the layout. So, it is common to utilize in applications such as multiple LED strings, and three-phase motors that sense various currents. So these are frequently used within applications where multiple currents must be detected like in multiple LED strings & three-phase motors. Thus, these … [Read more...]
CAN vs CAN FD : Key Differences, Working, Frame Format & Advantages Explained
The Controller Area Network (CAN) and its successor CAN Flexible Data Rate (CAN FD) are two of the most widely used in-vehicle communication protocols. Both are essential in modern automotive electronics, industrial automation, and embedded systems, where reliable, deterministic, and high-speed data transfer is critical. While Classical CAN has served the automotive industry for decades, the growing demand for faster data transmission, larger payloads, and advanced ECUs led to the development of … [Read more...]
CAN FD Protocol : Specifications, Architecture, Working, Vs CAN & Its Applications
Communication protocols are a set of rules for ECUs that define how electronic control units exchange data with common protocols like CAN, Ethernet, LIN, and FlexRay. These communication protocols can normalize message formats, error detection, data rates, and timing. Thus, ensures efficient and consistent communication between devices within complex systems like industrial equipment and vehicles. Similarly, CAN FD is an enhanced communication protocol for ECUs that provides larger data payloads … [Read more...]
Architecture of LPWAN System : Communication Flow, Features, Variants & Its Limitationss
Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies have become the backbone of modern IoT deployments because they enable long-range communication, ultra-low power usage, and low-cost connectivity for millions of devices. Whether it is smart metering, industrial monitoring, agricultural automation, or smart city applications, LPWAN networks allow simple battery-powered sensors to transmit small packets of data across several kilometers with minimal power consumption. To understand how these … [Read more...]
BD679 Transistor : PinOut, Specifications, Circuit, Working, Datasheet & Its Applications
The transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device, used as an amplifier or a switch. Generally, it is of PNP or NPN polarity but available in different types with different switching speeds and power ratings. If a transistor is designed to handle >1Amp of collector current, then it is considered normally to be a power transistor. So such transistors should have low output resistance to carry large load currents and good junction insulation to oppose high voltages. So, they should also … [Read more...]
LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network)Technologies – Characteristics, vs Sigfox, LTE-M, NB-IoT, Advantages, Architecture
In the world of the Internet of Things (IoT), billions of small devices — like sensors, meters, and trackers — are constantly collecting and sharing data. However, most of these devices are designed to operate in remote or hard-to-reach locations and often run on small batteries for years. Traditional wireless networks, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, are not ideal for these kinds of applications because they consume more power and have limited coverage. To solve this challenge, engineers developed a … [Read more...]
MPS651 Transistor : PinOut, Specifications, Circuit, Working, Datasheet & Its Applications
A transistor is a basic building block and semiconductor device in modern electronics. It is designed with semiconductor material with a minimum of three terminals, used for connection to a circuit. So, the main function of a transistor in circuits is to either switch or amplify electrical signals or power. It includes two PN junction diodes connected one after the other. The fundamental idea behind a transistor is that it allows you to control the current flow throughout one channel by changing … [Read more...]
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