Today, sensors play a key role in the security of various apartments, houses, and offices by detecting fire, smoke, or gas with an alarm function. The MQ2 gas sensors are widely used in smoke and gas detection. This sensor can detect smoke, and harmful gases like alcohol, LPG, propane, methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide. It is used in various applications such as air quality monitoring systems, smoke detectors, fire detection systems, breath checkers, etc. This article explains the … [Read more...]
What is DMA Controller : Working & Its Applications
To execute any operation in a computer system, first, the microprocessor gets the instruction, decodes it, and further, executes. However, if the microprocessor is executing the entire task individually within the system, then it keeps the microprocessor busy continually. Therefore, to improve the processor’s performance, an external device like a DMA controller is utilized to control the operation of data transfer between memory & peripherals with the least utilization of CPU. Basically, … [Read more...]
What is Low Noise Amplifier : Working, Types, Design & Its Applications
In a communication system, a low noise amplifier or LNA is an essential component in the receiver section. The main role of this amplifier is to amplify the weak signal by keeping the noise as small as possible. The performance of this amplifier can be measured most particularly by considering different factors like its noise figure, gain, dynamic range, matching, stability, and return loss. These amplifiers play a key role in millimeter-wave applications like passive remote sensing, Earth … [Read more...]
What is AVR Microcontroller : PinOut, Working & Its Applications
The advanced version of a microprocessor is a microcontroller that includes a CPU, Interrupts controller, RAM, ROM, I/O unit, etc. A microcontroller is mainly used for the operation of high-speed signal processing in an embedded system. So it performs like a major component while designing an embedded system. There are different kinds of microcontrollers available which are used based on requirements like 8051, PIC, AVR, etc. So this article gives brief information on one of the types of … [Read more...]
What is I3C Protocol : Working & Its Applications
At present, the usage of sensors in mobile devices has increased so it is becoming complex for manufacturers to utilize existing methods like I2C & SPI. So, the MIPI alliance members launched the first I3C protocol which is also called “Improved Inter-Integrated Circuits in the year 2017 by the MIPI Alliance called MIPI I3C v1.0. In October month 2018, the MIPI I3C Basic v1.0 was launched, and after that MIPI I3C v1.1 version was released in the month of December 2019. This is an … [Read more...]
What is IEEE 488 Bus or GPIB : Working & Its Applications
During the 1960s, HP developed many different tests and measuring devices like logic analyzers and multimeters. In order to achieve smoother interconnection between controllers and measuring instruments, the HP-IB was introduced (HP Interface Bus). HPIB is the original name for GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus), whereas later it got many other names. Finally, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers has provided a specification number to GPIB which is 488 in the year 1978. From … [Read more...]
What is Antenna Array : Architecture & Its Applications
The antenna is the most essential component of the radio equipment and the antennas were first developed by Heinrich Hertz in the year 1888. Later on, the antennas were developed to use for long-distance applications and wireless telegraphy. Moving on with the concept of antenna, Ferdinand Braun invented the concept of antenna array by placing three monopoles in the form of a triangle. So, let's discuss more on the need for an antenna array, antenna array definition, radiation pattern, its gain, … [Read more...]
What is Digital Potentiometer : Working & Its Applications
Potentiometers are simply termed as POTs and these are even called as variable resistors. The main purpose of a potentiometer is to vary the value of resistance in the circuit. Even these can be employed to vary volume, and dim and brightness of a light. There exist various types of potentiometers such as carbon POTs, wired POTs and plastic POTs. The one type which we are going to discuss today is “Digital Potentiometer”. So, let us discuss more on digital potentiometer definition, how it is … [Read more...]
What is Yagi Uda Antenna : Design, Working & Its Applications
Over a century ago two men independently invented the Yagi-Uda antenna. Ever heard of it? Neither had we before we started looking at the history of the invention. Invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda of Tohoku Imperial University and Hidetsugu Yagi, Kiyoshi Kawakami, and other colleagues at the same university, it was the first antenna designed to exploit the advantage of receiving signals from multiple directions to cancel out noise or jamming with high gain, high directionality, and uninterrupted … [Read more...]
What is Preprocessor : Definition, Syntax & Its Commands
With the requirement to include file inclusion procedures present in PL/I and BPCL, the preprocessors were introduced in C at the time of 1973 with the request of Alan Snyder. The initial version of the preprocessor provided only file inclusion procedures and string replacement through #include and #define. Whereas the later versions of (John Reiser and Mike Lesk) offered macros together with arguments and conditional compilations. That’s how the development of the preprocessor took place and … [Read more...]