The transistor is the most important invention in modern electronics. From amplifying signals in radios to powering microprocessors in computers, transistors form the foundation of every electronic device. In this complete guide, you’ll learn transistor basics, which include the following concepts : What a Transistor is and How it Works? Different types of transistors (NPN, PNP, etc.) Key parameters and specifications How to use transistors in amplifier, switching, and oscillator … [Read more...]
Inside the Design Philosophy Behind Vikram-32 : How India Engineered Its Own Space Processor Title
India’s journey into indigenous space-grade microprocessors reached a milestone with the development of the Vikram-32 processor (Vikram 3201). Designed by the Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC) in collaboration with the Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL), Chandigarh, Vikram-32 marks a major step towards self-reliance in space technology. Unlike commercial CPUs, space processors must withstand harsh environmental conditions, including extreme temperatures, radiation, and mechanical stress during l … [Read more...]
LM2574 IC Step-Down Voltage Regulator : PinOut, Features, Specifications, Working, Datasheet & Its Applications
Step-down voltage regulators are electronic devices that change a lower voltage to a constant output voltage. These regulators are also called DC-DC step-down switching regulators or buck converters which decrease an input voltage to low and regulated voltage very efficiently compared to linear voltage regulators. These regulators utilize a switch to separate a DC voltage and then use an inductor and capacitor to smooth the outcomes. So these are used to handle electrical fluctuations in … [Read more...]
Vikram 3201 vs RAD750, RAD5545, and ESA Processors – An Engaging & Educational Comparison
Space missions—satellites, launch vehicles, interplanetary probes—require processors that are not just fast, but extremely reliable. Radiation, extreme temperature swings, long mission durations, and high cost of failure mean the architecture, fabrication process, and qualification are very different from consumer electronics. India’s recent unveiling of Vikram 3201 (also called Vikram-32) is a major move toward indigenous space-grade processing. To understand its place globally, it helps Vikram … [Read more...]
PAM8403 IC : PinOut, Features, Specifications, Circuit, Working, Datasheet & Its Applications
A 12V amplifier IC is a significant electronic component in audio amplifiers that operates with a 12V power supply. So this IC is used by audio enthusiasts & electronics designers more frequently to design different applications. These ICs are mainly used to amplify weak audio signals & deliver them to headphones or speakers with better power and reliability. A 12V amplifier IC is well known for its efficiency, outstanding performance & audio quality. Thus, the best examples of 12V … [Read more...]
Vikram 32 : India’s Indigenous 32-Bit Microprocessor for Space and Beyond
In a significant stride towards technological self-reliance, India has unveiled its first fully indigenous 32-bit microprocessor, the Vikram 3201. Developed by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and its Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL) in Chandigarh, this processor is tailored for the demanding environments of space missions, launch vehicles, and other high-reliability applications. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Development and Fabrication 3. Architectural Overview 4. Key … [Read more...]
LM7824 IC : PinOut, Features, Specifications, Circuit, Working, Datasheet & Its Applications
Generally, voltage regulators are used frequently in electronic circuits to provide a stable output voltage for different input voltages. The series of fixed-voltage regulator ICs are designed mainly for a broad range of applications like on-card regulation for the noise & distribution elimination problems linked with single-point regulation. Similarly, LM7824 IC is a voltage regulator where the 7824 term in this IC indicates two meanings where 78 means that it is a +ve voltage regulator … [Read more...]
How Quantum Sensors Differ from LiDAR and RADAR in Autonomous Vehicles
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) rely on advanced sensing technologies to perceive their surroundings and make real-time decisions. For years, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) have been the go-to technologies for object detection, navigation, and collision avoidance. However, as the demand for higher accuracy and all-weather reliability grows, QuantumSensors are emerging as a game-changing technology in autonomous driving systems. These sensors leverage the … [Read more...]
LM2940 IC : PinOut, Features, Specifications, Circuit, Working, Datasheet, Equivalents & Its Applications
An LDO regulator, or low-dropout regulator, is a DC linear voltage regulator that operates even when the voltage supply is extremely close to the output voltage. The main advantages of this regulator over DC-DC converters include smaller size, lower noise, and simpler design. This linear regulator operates efficiently even when the input and output voltages differ by a small margin. This linear regulator operates at a low potential difference between the I/O voltage. This regulator IC outputs a … [Read more...]
Quantum Sensors in Autonomous Cars : Working & Applications
The automotive industry is transforming, with autonomous vehicles (AVs) at the forefront. These self-driving systems rely on sensors—such as LiDAR, radar, cameras, and ultrasonic devices—to perceive their environment. However, conventional sensors face limitations in poor weather, GPS-denied areas, or high-traffic scenarios. Enter quantum sensors —a revolutionary technology that leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to provide ultra-precise measurements of position, navigation, and envir … [Read more...]
- 1
- 2
- 3
- …
- 70
- Next Page »