Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies have become the backbone of modern IoT deployments because they enable long-range communication, ultra-low power usage, and low-cost connectivity for millions of devices. Whether it is smart metering, industrial monitoring, agricultural automation, or smart city applications, LPWAN networks allow simple battery-powered sensors to transmit small packets of data across several kilometers with minimal power consumption. To understand how these … [Read more...]
BD679 Transistor : PinOut, Specifications, Circuit, Working, Datasheet & Its Applications
The transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device, used as an amplifier or a switch. Generally, it is of PNP or NPN polarity but available in different types with different switching speeds and power ratings. If a transistor is designed to handle >1Amp of collector current, then it is considered normally to be a power transistor. So such transistors should have low output resistance to carry large load currents and good junction insulation to oppose high voltages. So, they should also … [Read more...]
LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network)Technologies – Characteristics, vs Sigfox, LTE-M, NB-IoT, Advantages, Architecture
In the world of the Internet of Things (IoT), billions of small devices — like sensors, meters, and trackers — are constantly collecting and sharing data. However, most of these devices are designed to operate in remote or hard-to-reach locations and often run on small batteries for years. Traditional wireless networks, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, are not ideal for these kinds of applications because they consume more power and have limited coverage. To solve this challenge, engineers developed a … [Read more...]
MPS651 Transistor : PinOut, Specifications, Circuit, Working, Datasheet & Its Applications
A transistor is a basic building block and semiconductor device in modern electronics. It is designed with semiconductor material with a minimum of three terminals, used for connection to a circuit. So, the main function of a transistor in circuits is to either switch or amplify electrical signals or power. It includes two PN junction diodes connected one after the other. The fundamental idea behind a transistor is that it allows you to control the current flow throughout one channel by changing … [Read more...]
2N3906 Transistor : PinOut, Specifications, Circuit, Working, Datasheet & Its Applications
The 2N3906 is a PNP BJT produced primarily by Onsemi Semiconductor Company. It is commonly used in low-power switching or amplifying applications. This transistor is designed mainly for low electric current, power & medium voltage, but it can work at quite high speeds. This is one of the most famous discrete-type transistors that hobbyists, circuit designers & makers utilize within their electronics projects. Therefore, this transistor is available in a TO-92 DIP plastic body package. … [Read more...]
MPSA06 Transistor : PinOut, Specifications, Circuit, Working, Datasheet & Its Applications
MPSA05 is a BJT from the NPN family, designed mainly for general-purpose amplification and switching purposes. This transistor’s specifications allow it to be used in various applications. It can also be used practically in any application that fits its specifications. This transistor can be replaced widely with 2N3904, BC337, 2N2222, etc. MPSA05 transistors can drive up to 500mA load whenever used as a switch and are sufficient current to drive different components within electronic circuits l … [Read more...]
Comprehensive List of Transistor Components and Their Equivalents
Transistors are the backbone of every modern electronic circuit — from signal amplification and switching to voltage regulation and motor control. Over the years, hundreds of transistor variants have been developed to suit different current ratings, voltage limits, and gain requirements. This article provides a consolidated list of widely used transistor components, arranged from most common to least used, along with their type, primary usage, and equivalent substitutes. This Transistor List g … [Read more...]
MJE340 Transistor : PinOut, Specifications, Circuit, Working, Datasheet & Its Applications
The MJE340 is a versatile NPN-type transistor, used in switching, amplification & power control circuits. This transistor provides a reliable and widely available solution for various electronic circuits. But whenever using this transistor within a circuit, then it is suggested to consider some factors like; transient conditions, voltage spikes, etc otherwise it may cause short-term voltage surges. So, proper protective and voltage regulation measures must be implemented to ensure the … [Read more...]
Integration of AI in Electronics : Applications, Benefits, and Challenges
Today, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in electronics is reshaping how devices interact with humans and their surroundings. From smartphones that recognize faces and voices to smart home systems that learn user behavior, AI is transforming electronic devices into intelligent companions that adapt, predict, and respond to user needs. The convergence of AI and electronics is driving innovation across industries — from consumer gadgets and manufacturing automation to healthcare, a … [Read more...]
MJE3055 NPN Transistor : PinOut, Specifications, Circuit, Working, Datasheet & Its Applications
A transistor is a fundamental semiconductor device used for switching and amplification in almost every electronic circuit. Among the various power transistors available today, the MJE3055 NPN power transistor is one of the most popular choices for medium to high-power applications such as motor control, audio amplifiers, and relay drivers. The MJE3055 transistor, housed in a TO-220 package, is a silicon NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) designed for general-purpose amplifier and … [Read more...]
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